The 450MHz band, originally used for analog mobile services, has played only a sideline role in digital communications, supporting a scattering of rural CDMA networks round the world. GSM and W-CDMA profiles for the band never gained support, but the interest in low frequencies for smart cities and other internet of things (IoT) applications could revive interest in the spectrum. Low power, long distance connections are an important part of IoT functions such as smart metering. Some use narrowband or proprietary protocols, while WiFi will also have a role, especially as it moves into UHF and white spaces spectrum below 1GHz, supporting long ranges and indoor penetration. LTE can claim the same benefits in its 800MHz and 700MHz implementations, but…