The 3GPP’s focus on greater integration between 5G and other networks does not confine itself to satellite, but recognizes the importance of all kinds of non-terrestrial networks (NTN). These include the three layers of satellite (GEO, MEO and LEO) as well as systems that sit closer to the earth’s surface such as high altitude platforms (HAPS), tethered balloons like Google’s aborted Project Loon, and drones. All of these can provide backhaul for terrestrial mobile networks, or even carry 5G base stations, or they can transmit directly to smartphones under emerging 3GPP standards. The vision is to create a multi-layered platform in which ubiquitous coverage and quality of service can be ensured by enabling all kinds of terrestrial and NTN systems…