As mobile operators move into the Internet of Things, they do not just need new technology to address the need for ultra-low power, low latency machine-to-machine networks. These wide area systems will also have spectrum challenges – not usually related to capacity, as in mobile broadband expansion, but to availability and coverage. Many M2M applications will rely on truly ubiquitous coverage with high reliability, something that has never been achieved in cellular communications. Connected objects such as utility meters may be awkwardly located in hard-to-reach places such as basements; monitoring systems for power stations or agriculture may be remote and often business- or even life-critical. Some connected ‘things’ may be mobile, and in the case of emergency response or smart…