The next generation of wireless technologies will require creative approaches to spectrum. Each radio upgrade brings diminishing leaps in terms of mobile performance and so it becomes more important to be able to harness more spectrum, and use what is already available more efficiently. That will involve many techniques in 4G expansion and 5G, some of them being developed in the 3GPP standards process, some emerging from individual vendors. The table summarizes the main options which will be available to MNOs in the coming years. Some of these solutions, including full duplex and advanced cognitive radio, are still in their infancy, but other emerging techniques are immediately usable and, initially at least focused on existing and even legacy technologies. Huawei’s…