Cellular operators remain religious about their 3GPP technologies, despite concessions to WiFi offload where convenient. This is one of their weaknesses – while they cling to the dwindling advantage of exclusive spectrum, challengers can harness shared airwaves, neutral host platforms and localized RANs and packet cores to deploy their own wireless networks. These are particularly dangerous to the MNO when they are implemented indoors – where cellcos have been weak at extending their reach – because that enables the new provider to deliver a range of services to residents and high value enterprises. The key to such a strategy is to use any spectrum and technology that comes to hand, combining WiFi and 4G/5G, licensed and unlicensed bands, small cells…