Early deployments and trials have already shown productivity and efficiency benefits enabled by private 5G in industrial settings and in some cases demonstrated these could not be achieved through alternatives, such as 4G/LTE or the latest WiFi 6. They have also exposed the challenges facing operators as they attempt to gain a foothold in the private enterprise 5G space and avoid being cut out of the loop by infrastructure providers going direct to the customer, as Nokia has been actively pursuing in Germany especially. Indeed, German airline Lufthansa recently opened the lid on two deployments that highlighted the challenges faced both by itself in exploiting private 5G effectively for aircraft engineering processes in its hangars, and by its suppliers in…