China’s grid energy storage strategy for now consists primarily of pumped hydro and lithium batteries – both being developed at a scale measured in dozens of GW per year. But the energy storage strategy also covers pretty much every type of energy storage we’ve heard of, ranging from compressed air, to all kinds of flow battery chemistries, to being the main market for CSP (Concentrated Solar Power) – which is cost-effective only for its long-duration thermal storage. Take something as unusual as gravity energy storage – that technology’s champion is EnergyVault, which is a Swiss company, but its main gravity-based project located in Jiangsu Province. This article is about liquid carbon dioxide energy storage (LCES, also referred to as CCES),…