We have taken an interest for some years in the emergence of new MVNO models, enabled by new network capabilities such as network slicing and network-as-a-service. Heavy MVNOs, that invest in some of their own infrastructure, especially in enterprise or city small cells, have started to be seen in some markets (such as Altice in the USA); Google pioneered an MVNO that spanned multiple operators’ networks, plus WiFi, on a best-connected basis; cloud-based, sliceable 5G cores have the potential to support service providers on a more dynamic, on-demand basis than current static MVNO contracts allow. A new MVNO, MobileX, has launched in the USA, providing several tastes of how the model could evolve in future, even before we reach the…