Spectrum is, of course, the lifeblood of wireless networks, and therefore has always been the subject of regulation, fierce competition and often high costs. But in the wireless broadband world, it fitted neatly into a bilateral structure of long term exclusive licenses for cellular, and completely unlicensed for WiFi and other technologies. While MNOs might use a mixture of the two types of technology, their power rested with their licenses, and their 3GPP networks lived only in those licensed bands. Then LTE moved into unlicensed spectrum, notably 5 GHz; and the boundaries between licensed and unlicensed networks and operators blurred further with moves to open up cellular spectrum and make it available and affordable to a wider base of organizations,…