Like smart buildings, the smart city concept is constantly evolving and according to cynics never materializing. It is a moving target and subject to changing fashions and the whims of architects, such that some past efforts that aimed for an urban utopia ended up more like dystopia, thinking of some new city zones erected during the 1960s in many European countries for example. Yet there have been some widely accepted successes, such as Tapiola in Finland, which has attracted a healthy tourist trade. There is a distinction between essentially new towns or cities and existing ones retrofitted for smartness. The modern concept of the new town dates back a full century to Welwyn Garden City in the UK, constructed under…